What is the difference between modifiable and nonmodifiable

Download Microsoft Edge More info. Contents Exit focus mode. Is this page helpful? Yes No. Any additional feedback? A wider study with increased numbers may further clarify this interesting correlation. Time and again anthropometric variables have been involved in defining MetS and predicting cardiovascular risk.

An interesting article by White et al. And the article in current issue correlates DR with NC. DR as a marker can be used prior to evolution of central obesity to predict same which becomes unique aspect of this variable. It is also a marker which is easy to measure and practical in clinic setting and so a more felt need for validation of markers like DR and NC. The earliest anthropometric measures to estimate cardiovascular risk evolved from BMI to WC and WHR as the latter predicted central obesity which is supposed to be more detrimental.

NC was looked upon as it correlated with WC and WHR and was less cumbersome, more reproducible and easy to use in office practice. DR goes a step ahead as it is determined by prenatal factors destiny and has a possible correlation with other markers like NC which evolve over time partly due to exogenous influences free will.

If larger studies give more insights, DR has the potential to become an early identifiable, suitable for office practice anthropometric measure of metabolic risk. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Indian J Endocrinol Metab.

Ameya S. Joshi and Nikhil M. Bhagwat 1. Nikhil M. With the appropriate medical treatment, people at increased risk for heart disease can delay the onset and lessen the severity of the disease.

Certain diseases are more common in some families than in others. Your own risk may be higher than average because of the genes you inherited. Or it may be high because the members of your family all tend to make similar lifestyle choices and hold similar beliefs about diet and exercise, as families will do. If you have a family history of CVD, you should try to make lifestyle changes to reduce your risk.

Ethnicity describes people with the same cultural background or geographical ancestry. The ethnic group or race you belong to can have a genetic makeup and environmental influences that predispose its members to CVD. People of the same ethnicity share many of the same genes, which is why family history and ethnicity are so closely linked. People with similar ancestry may pass down similar mutations in their genes.

First Nations people and people of African or Asian descent are at higher risk of developing heart disease. Studies indicate that people from minority populations are less aware that smoking, high cholesterol, and family history increase their risk for heart disease.

In some instances, certain ethnic populations are simply more prone or sensitive to specific risk factors for less obvious reasons. Researchers are trying to identify exact causes, but it may very well be that intolerances to things such as salt sodium or sugars are genetic and non-modifiable, unrelated to lifestyle or cultural practice.

The importance of race and ethnic background in biomedical research and clinical practice. New England Journal of Medicine. Tishkoff S, Kidd K. Nature Genetics. Ethnicity and human genetic linkage maps. American Journal of Human Genetics. Collins F. American Heart Association, Socioeconomic status and health: is parasympathetic nervous system activity an intervening mechanism?

According to the results of this study, there were ten identified modifiable risk factors for CVD in the Pacific and diabetes is ranked the highest, followed by abnormal blood lipid, high blood pressure, overweight, smoking and the list continues until the least on the graph, which is alcohol intake [29]. Nevertheless, despite the hierarchy of the identified risk factors, they are all inter-related. For instance, those exposed to an unhealthy diet like high sugary and salty foods, will eventually developed diabetes or hypertension, which is a risk for CVD [30].

On the other hand, those with low socio- economic status cannot afford to buy healthy food so they buy the cheap, unhealthy diet foods that will increase their chances of becoming overweight, resulting in high lipid deposition in the adipose tissue, which will eventually increase the chances of developing hypertension and diabetes that can later lead to CVD [31]. In conclusion, CVD is caused by both modifiable and non-modifiable predisposing risk factors and can be prevented mainly through health promoting life-style interventions.

People need to know how to manage and monitor these risk factors. It is necessary to increase awareness among health care providers and systems serving Pacific islanders, at childhood stage, in suggesting accurate information, early screening and treatment, and recommend appropriate behavioural modifications for decreasing the prevalence of cardiovascular disease.

The Cochrane review process was used to develop the search strategy, appraise the articles, and analyze the data. However, in this study two reviewers independently extracted data from different types of studies and all discrepancies were agreed to by discussion with a third reviewer. This study had some limitations associated with the quality of the reviewed articles and also the approach.

However, the quality of studies assessed did not show an assessment of bias that may have characterized the identified studies. Majority of studies included in this review were descriptive so there are potential biases that may affect the results of this study, such as: self-selected samples, poor description of participants, and non-validated data collection instruments.

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